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Introduction
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction to Applied Well Test Interpretation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Well Testing
1.3 Alternatives to Conventional Well Testing
1.4 Forward and Inverse Problems
1.5 Well Test Interpretation Methods
1.6 Rock and Fluid Properties
1.7 Graph Scales
1.8 Summary
Nomenclature
2. Fluid Flow in Porous Media
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Steady-State Flow
2.3 Development of the Diffusivity Equation
2.4 Infinite-Acting Radial Flow - Ei-Function Solution
2.5 Principle of Superposition
2.6 Radius of Investigation
2.7 Damage and Stimulation
2.8 Pseudosteady-State Flow
2.9 Wellbore Storage
2.10 Summary
Nomenclature
3. Radial Flow Semilog Analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Drawdown Tests
3.3 Buildup Test Following Constant-Rate Production
3.4 Estimating Average Reservoir Pressure
3.5 Flow Rate Variations Before Shut-In
3.6 Summary
Nomenclature
4. Log-Log Type Curve Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dimensionless Variables
4.3 Gringarten-Bourdet Type Curves
4.4 Manual Parameter Estimation Using the Log-Log Plot
4.5 Calculating the Logarithmic Derivative From Field Data
4.6 Summary
Nomenclature
5. Pressure Transient Testing for Gas Wells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Gas Flow Equation
5.3 Gas-Well Drawdown Tests
5.4 Gas-Well Buildup Tests
5.5 Summary
Nomenclature
6. Flow Regimes and the Diagnostic Plot
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Power-Law Function Pressure Response
6.3 Radial Flow
6.4 Linear Flow
6.5 Volumetric Behavior
6.6 Spherical Flow
6.7 Bilinear Flow
6.8 Other Flow Regimes
6.9 Practical Aspects of Flow Regime Indentification
6.10 Summary
Nomenclature
7. Bounded Reservoir Behavior
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Boundaries
7.3 Linear Boundaries
7.4 Circular Reservoir Boundaries
7.5 Multiple Linear Boundaries
7.6 Composite Reservoir Models
7.7 Summary
Nomenclature
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8. Variable Flow Rate History
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methods for Variable Rate/Variable Pressure Problems
8.3 Effect of Boundaries on a Subsequent Buildup
8.4 Spatial Interpretation of Flow Rate History
8.5 Effect of a Change in Flow Rate on a Subsequent Buildup Test
8.6 Convolution and Deconvolution
8.7 Rate Normalization
8.8 Deconvolution
8.9 Summary
Nomenclature
9. Wellbore Phenomena
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Variable Wellbore Storage
9.3 Cleanup
9.4 Movement of Gas-Liquid Interface in Wellbore
9.5 Activity During Operations
9.6 Pressure Oscillations
9.7 Gauge Problems
9.8 Data Processing Errors and Artifacts
9.9 Distinguishing Wellbore Phenomena From Reservoir Phenomena
9.10 Summary
Nomenclature
10. Near-Wellbore Phenomena
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Finite-THickness Skin Factor
10.3 Perforated Completion
10.4 Partial Penetration/Limited Entry Completion
10.5 Deviated Wellbore
10.6 Rate-Dependent Skin Factor
10.7 Rate-Dependent Skin Factor and Wellbore Storage
10.8 Estimating Non-Darcy Coefficient D From Multiple Transient Tests
10.9 Summary
Nomenclature
11. Well Test Interpretation Workflow
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Collect Data
11.3 Review and Quality Control Data
11.4 Deconvolve Data
11.5 Identify Flow Regimes
11.6 Select Reservoir Model
11.7 Estimate Model Parameters
11.8 Simulate or History-Match Pressure Response
11.9 Calculate Confidence Intervals
11.10 Interpret Model Parameters
11.11 Validate Results
11.12 Field Example
11.13 Summary
Nomenclature
12. Well Test Design Workflow
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Typical Test Design Scenarios
12.3 Define Test Objectives
12.4 Consider Alternatives to Conventional Well Testing
12.5 Collect Data
12.6 Estimate Reservoir Properties
12.7 Permeability Estimates
12.8 Estimate Test Duration To Reach Desired Flow Regime
12.9 Estimate Test Duration Based on Economics
12.10 Estimate Test Rate and Determine Flow Rate Sequence
12.11 Estimate Magnitude of Pressure Response
12.12 Select Gauges
12.13 Simulate Test
12.14 Design Example
12.15 Summary
Nomenclature
References
Author Index
Subject Index
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