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Preface
1 Introduction
2 Formation Damage
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Quantifying Formation Damage
2.3 Determination of Flow Efficiency & Skin
2.4 Formation Damage vs. Pseudodamage
2.5 Drilling-Induced Formation Damage
2.6 Formation Damage Caused by Completion & Workover Fluids
2.7 Damage During Perforating & Cementing
2.8 Formation Damage Caused by Fines Migration
2.9 Formation Damage Caused by Swelling Clays
2.10 Formation Damage in Injection Wells
2.11 Formation Damage Caused by Paraffins & Asphaltenes
2.12 Formation Damage Resulting From Emulsion & Sludge Formation
2.13 Formation Damage Resulting From Condensate Banking
2.14 Formation Damage Resulting From Gas Breakout
2.15 Formation Damage Resulting From Water Blocks
2.16 Formation Damage Resulting From Wettability Alteration
2.17 Bacteria Plugging
2.18 Conclusion
3 Acidizing Chemistry
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Introduction to Chemical Reactions
3.3 Chemistry of Rocks & Minerals
3.4 Chemistry of Fluids
3.5 Measurement of Reaction Rates
3.6 Reactions
4 Carbonate Acidizing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Carbonate Geological Considerations for Acidizing
4.3 Reaction Chemistry
4.4 Wormhole Patterns
4.5 Wormholing Models
4.6 Additives
4.7 Treatment Design
5 Sandstone Acidizing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Design Issues
5.3 Guidelines
5.4 Experimental Results
5.5 Sandstone Acidizing Models
5.6 Relating Changes in Mineral Concentration to Changes in Porosity & Permeability
5.7 Measuring Critical Parameters for the Lumped Parameter Model-the Damkohler Number & Acid Capacity Number
5.8 Scaling Up the Lumped Parameter Model to Radial Flow
5.9 More-Complex Models
5.10 Estimating the Maximum Injection Rate
5.11 Computer Design Tools
5.12 Real-Time Monitoring
6 Acid Placement & Diversion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Diversion & Placement Philosophy
6.3 Placement & Diversion
6.4 Diversion
6.5 Decision Tree
6.6 Placement
6.7 Spotting Acid
6.8 High Rate & Maximum Pressure
6.9 Diversion Methods
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7 Treatment Evaluation & Real-Time Diagnosis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Diagnosis Method
7.3 Downhole Pressure Estimate
7.4 Data Required for Field Application
7.5 Field Examples
8 Acid Fracturing
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Acid Transport & Fracture-Face Dissolution
8.3 Acid-Fracture Fluids
8.4 Acid-Fracture Conductivity
8.5 Acid-Fractured-Well Performance
9 Additives for Acidizing Fluids: Their Functions, Interactions, & Limitations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Corrosion Inhibitors
9.3 Surfactants
9.4 Clay Stabilizers
9.5 Impact of Additives on the Properties of Acids & Their Reactions With the Rock
9.6 Impact of Additives on Key Physical Properties of HCI
9.7 Compatibility Testing
9.8 Concluding Remarks
10 Acid Corrosion & Its Control
10.1 Introduction: The Importance of Corrosion Evaluation
10.2 Simulation of Well Conditions-High-Pressure/High-Temperature (HP/HT) Evaluation
10.3 Fluids & Additives
10.4 Corrosion Inhibitors & Intensifiers
10.5 Acidizing Additives
10.6 Metallurgy
10.7 Evaluation of Corrosion by Electrochemical Techniques
10.8 Special Applications
10.9 Concluding Remarks
11 Economics of Matrix Stimulation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 General Concepts of Acidizing Economics
11.3 Main Economic Criteria
11.4 NPV Characterization of Carbonate Acidizing
11.5 NPV Characterization of Sandstone Acidizing
12 Acidizing Safety & Quality & the Environment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Current Practices
12.3 Acidizing Additives
12.4 Acidizing Equipment
12.5 Current Practice-Disadvantages
12.6 Continuous Mixing & Process Control
12.7 Advantages of Continuous Mixing/Process Control
12.8 Environmental Aspects of Continuous-Mix Acidizing
12.9 Field Implementation of Continuous Mix for Routine Matrix Acidizing
12.10 Obstacles to Continuous Mixing of Acid
12.11 Conclusions
Appendix 12A-Safety Checklist
Appendix 12B-Quality-Control Checklist
Quality Control During Rig Up of Equipment
Quality Control Before Pumping
Quality Control During Pumping
Quality Control After Pumping/During Flowback
Author Index
Subject Index
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